Simple and rapid formic acid sample treatment for the isolation of HgSe nanoparticles from animal tissues.

The present work explores for the first time the potential of formic acid on the extraction of tiemannite (HgSe) nanoparticles from seabird tissues, in particular giant petrels. Mercury (Hg) is considered one of the top ten chemicals of major public health concern. However, the fate and metabolic pathways of Hg in living organisms remain unknown. Methylmercury (MeHg), largely produced by microbial activity in the aquatic ecosystems is biomagnified in the trophic web. HgSe is considered the end-product of MeHg demethylation in biota and an increasing number of studies focuses on the characterization of this solid compound to understand its biomineralization. In this study, a conventional enzymatic treatment is compared with a simpler and environmentally friendly extraction by using formic acid (5 mL of = 50 % formic acid) as exclusive reagent. The analyses by spICP-MS of the resulting extracts from a variety of seabird biological tissues (liver, kidneys, brain, muscle) reveal comparable results by both extraction approaches in terms of nanoparticles stability and extraction efficiency. Therefore, the results included in this work demonstrate the good performance of employing organic acid as simple, cost effective and green procedure to extract HgSe nanoparticles from animal tissues. Moreover, an alternative consisting of a classical enzymatic procedure but with ultrasonic assistance reducing the extraction time from 12 h to 2 min is also described for the first time. The sample processing methodologies developed, combined with spICP-MS, have emerged as powerful tools for the rapid screening and quantification of HgSe nanoparticles in animal tissues. Finally, this combination allowed us to identify the possible occurrence of Cd particles and As particles associated with HgSe NPs in seabirds.

Hipoclorito de sodio como irrigante de conductos. Caso clínico, y revisión de literatura / Sodium hypochlorite used as duct irrigation. Clinical case, and literature review

El tratamiento de conductos está indicado en caso de daño pulpar irreversible; en la actualidad se evidencian considerables avances en cuanto al diagnóstico, tratamiento y mantenimiento de un diente endodónticamente tratado, pese a ello persisten elementos y materiales usados desde sus inicios, como es el caso del hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl.). El objetivo principal de este artículo será enfatizar en los riesgos y las secuelas ocasionadas por el uso de este irrigante y documentar un caso clínico de una reacción anafiláctica severa por su uso, el manejo dado, además se realizara una revisión de la literatura

Endodontics is a treatment that is required after the irreversible pulpal damage. At present, there has been considerable progress in the diagnosis, treatment, and maintenance of an endodontically treated tooth. Despite this there remain elements and materials used since its inception, as is the case of the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl.) The main objective of this article is to emphasize the risks and the consequences caused by the use of this irrigante and document a clinical case of a severe anaphylactic reaction by its use, management, in addition there will be a review of the literature

Ajuste de la cifra de hemoglobina glucosilada para el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus en México / Adjustment of the glycated hemoglobin value to diagnose diabetes mellitus in Mexico

Resumen ANTECEDENTES En la actualidad la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA) acepta el uso de tres pruebas para el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus, que incluyen la determinación de hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c). OBJETIVO Evaluar si la cifra establecida de HbA1c de 6.5% para el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus es válida para la población mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO Estudio descriptivo, transversal y analítico en el que en octubre de 2016 se incluyeron personas en quienes se determinó HbA1c en sangre capilar y glucemia en sangre venosa. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 388 pacientes. Se determinó que ni la edad ni el sexo predisponen a la obtención de una cifra determinada de HbA1c. La prueba de HbA1c capilar tendió a diagnosticar mayor número de casos de prediabetes (170 vs 63) y diabetes (27 vs 13) en comparación con la prueba de glucosa sérica, con diferencia en el número de personas sanas entre ambos grupos de 121 (191 personas sanas con HbA1c y 312 personas sanas con glucosa sérica); sin embargo, ambas variables compartieron 90.2% de similitud (p < 0.001). Se obtuvo un nuevo nivel de corte de HbA1c para el diagnóstico de diabetes de 6.65% (con sensibilidad y especificidad de 76 y 97%, respectivamente). CONCLUSIÓN Con el nuevo punto de corte disminuyó la incidencia de casos de diabetes en el grupo de HbA1c, con reducción de 7 a 4.9% (27 a 19 casos).

Abstract BACKGROUND Nowadays, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recognizes the use of three tests for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, including the determination of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). OBJECTIVE To evaluate if the established value of 6.5% of glycated hemoglobin for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is applicable to the Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHOD A descriptive, transversal and analytic study was done in October 2016 in persons that were subjected to a capillary test for HbA1c and serum glucose. RESULTS There were included 388 subjects in whom it was determined that the age and the sex did not influence on the obtaining of a determinate level of HbA1c. Capillary HbA1c test tended to diagnose a greater number of cases of prediabetes (170 vs 63) and diabetes (27 vs 13) compared with serum glucose test, with a difference in the number of healthy persons between the two groups of 121 (191 healthy persons with HbA1C and 312 healthy persons with serum glucose); however, both variables shared a 90.2% of similarity (p < 0.001). It was obtained a new threshold of HbA1C for the diagnosis of diabetes of 6.65% (with sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 97%, respectively). CONCLUSION With the new cutoff value the incidence of cases of diabetes decreased in the HbA1c group, with a reduction of 7% to 4.9% (27 to 19 cases).

Choque séptico. Lo que sabíamos y lo que debemos saber.. / Septic shock. What we knew and what we should know..

Resumen En el mundo, la prevalência de sepsis es de más de 19 millones de casos por año, con mortalidad estimada de 30%. Los factores de riesgo identificados más frecuentemente son las enfermedades crónicas (VIH-SIDA, EPOC y neoplasias), así como la administración de agentes inmunosupresores. La población más susceptible de padecer estas complicaciones es la que se encuentra en los extremos de la vida. De los múltiples agentes patógenos, las bacterias son los microorganismos principalmente implicados en la aparición de la sepsis grave. Entre los focos infecciosos, en primer lugar está la neumonía, seguida de infecciones intraabdominales, de las vías urinarias e infecciones primarias del torrente sanguíneo. Se ha demostrado que el tratamiento temprano aumenta la supervivencia de manera significativa. Las intervenciones que deben realizarse incluyen: tratamiento antimicrobiano, resucitación hídrica, apoyo ventilatorio y tratamiento de soporte (profilaxis antitrombótica, control de la glucemia y profilaxis para evitar úlceras gástricas por estrés y nutrición, entre otras medidas).

Abstract Globally, the prevalence of sepsis is more than 19 million cases per year with an estimated mortality of 30%. The most frequently identified risk factors are chronic diseases (HIV-AIDS, COPD and neoplasms) and the use of immunosuppressive agents. The most susceptible popula tion to develop these complications are the ones in babyhood or the elderly. Among the multiple pathogens, bacteria are considered the microorganisms primarily involved in the development of severe sepsis. Within the foci of infection, pneumonia is considered to be the most common, followed by intra-abdominal infections, urinary tract and primary bloodstream infections. It has been demonstrated that early treatment significantly improves survival. Interventions to be performed include antimicrobial therapy, fluid resuscitation, ventilatory support and supportive measures (antithrombotic prophylaxis, glycemic control and prophylaxis to prevent stress gastric ulcers and nutrition).